Africa Development Vol. 48 No. 2 (2023): Special Issue on Covid-19 Pandemic and African Economies

Special Issue on Covid-19 Pandemic and African Economies (Including a Revised Text of the Second Thandika Mkandawire Annual Memorial Lecture)

Contents 

Editorial

Badar Alam Iqbal………………………………………………………………………………………………………………v

***

Can Africa Run? Industrialisation and Development in Africa

Fiona Tregenna …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

[Revised Text of the Second Thandika Mkandawire Annual Memorial Lecture]

***

Selected Papers on Covid-19 Pandemic and African Economies

Governance Issues and the Covid-19 Pandemic in West Africa: Are There Any Linkages?

Félix Fofana N’Zue and Adjoua Math Komenan…………………………………………………………….33

From Epidemic to Pandemic: Covid-19, Insecurity and Development in the Sahel

Tope Shola Akinyetun ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..61

Covid-19 Lockdown and the ‘Work-From-Home’ Approach: Effect on Nigerian Academics

Tolulope Osinubi, Cleopatra Ibukun and Titus Ojeyinka……………………………………….87

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Financial Performance of SMEs in Nigeria: A Study of the South East Geopolitical Zone

Stella Ngozi Okoroafor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………107

Digital Learning Response in the Midst of the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of Mauritius

Verena Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Boopen Seetanah, Sheereen Fauzel and Viraiyan Teeroovengadum……………………..129

Covid-19 Social Relief Programmes and Distribution Mechanisms in East Africa: Lessons Learned

Ivan Kagimu………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………159

Are the Covid-19 Pandemic and Public Procurement ‘Strange Bedfellows’? An African Perspective

Ismail Abdi Changalima……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………175

Effets de la Covid-19 sur les entreprises du secteur informel agricole au Sénégal

Sidia Diaouma Badiane, Amadou Tandjigora, Thierno Bachir Sy, Yessoufou et Mamoudou Dème     ………………….  197

 

Africa Development Vol. 48 No. 2 (2023), View the Full Issue

Jean Pierre Idrissa Benoit Diouf, 1959 – 2023

The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) is deeply saddened by the news of the passing of Jean Pierre Diouf who passed away on Wednesday, August 2nd 2023 in Dakar, Senegal. He was laid to rest later that same day in Dakar.

Born in 1959 in Dakar, Jean Pierre Diouf’s professional career included serving as the Head of the Library at the “Centre d’Enseignement Supérieur en Soins Infirmiers” (CESSI) of the Ministry of Public Health of the Republic of Senegal from 1986 to 1987. His illustrious journey at CODESRIA started in 1987 and encompassed roles as the Senior Librarian and, subsequently, the Chief Librarian at the CODESRIA Documentation Center (CODICE) until his retirement from the Council in 2019.

Jean Pierre Diouf was a well-known figure within the CODESRIA community for his role as an entry point in the Council’s resource centre. As a specialist in Information Systems Management, he was the person members of the community counted on when seeking information from the Council’s library. He was consistently diligent and prompt in providing such assistance.

Moreover, Jean Pierre Diouf played significant roles in major CODESRIA activities. Elected  best employee of the Council in 2003, he was the main coordinator of the Council’s General Assemblies from 2002, commencing with the 10th General Assembly in Kampala, Uganda, through to the 15th General Assembly held in 2018 in Dakar, Senegal. He also held major responsibilities in the Council’s Tender Committee, at some point serving as the chairperson.

Jean Pierre Diouf is survived by his wife, Diéye Diouf, and his daughters Fatoumata Yandé Diouf and Aicha Diouf.

On behalf of the Executive Committee, the Secretariat, and the broader membership of CODESRIA, we extend our deepest condolences to his family.

May his soul rest in eternal peace !

Forthcoming – The Concept of Human Right in Africa (Second Edition)

The Concept of Human Rights in Africa attempts to reconceptualise human rights ideology from the standpoint of the working people of the continent. lt argues that the dominant human rights discourse in/and on Africa, however well-intentioned, is objectively part of the ideologies of domination. Both the critique of the dominant discourse as well as the reconceptualisation are located firmly within the current social science and jurisprudential debates on democratic struggles in Africa. Hitherto, the human rights debate in Africa has been an exclusive preserve of lawyers and philosophers. Professor Shivji breaks new ground in this book in that he firmly anchors the debate on the social and political planes without losing sight of its legal and philosophical dimensions.

While greatly stimulating for the general reader, this work can be fruitfully used in colleges and universities in such academic disciplines as sociology, political science, development studies as well as law and jurisprudence.

CODESRIA Publications

CODESRIA Bookshop

Congratulations Prof. Hassan Remaoun: Ibn Khaldun Prize 2023

In May 2023, Professor Hassan Remaoun was confirmed as one of the winners of the 2023 Ibn Khaldun Prize. The prize award ceremony took place in Tunis. Prof. Remaoun is a former member of the CODESRIA Executive Committee having served for the period 2015 to 2018. He is also former associate research director at the Center for Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology (CRASC) in Oran.

CODESRIA and CRASC have a longstanding partnership that focuses on knowledge production using the Africa Review of Books, a joint initiative designed to advance the production of knowledge in Africa. Through the work of Prof. Remaoun and others at CRASC, the Council was able to initiate this publication that connect work produced across different regions of the continent. It is therefore not surprising that Prof. Remaoun is one of the winners of the 2023 Ibn Khaldun Prize. After all, the prize is awarded to persons who have made a significant contribution to the strengthening of Mediterranean cooperation in various fields and Prof. Remaoun has a distinguished record of advancing cooperation within the Mediterranean and beyond. Perhaps he is among the few intellectuals whose investment in the study of Africa as a single whole, as opposed to the Hegelian contraption of Africa divided between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa.

On behalf of CODESRIA, its community of scholarship, we congratulate Prof. Hassan Remaoun for this award.

Prof. Tade Akin Aina, Honoree, University of Ghana-Legon

CODESRIA is pleased to note that Prof. Tade Akin Aina, former Deputy Executive Secretary in charge of Publications at the Council (1993-1998), has been nominated to receive an honorary doctorate degree to be awarded by the University of Ghana-Legon. The degree will be conferred at a Special Congregation to be held on Friday, April 28th, 2023.

This is a fitting honour to Prof. Aina whose career has seen him occupy important leadership positions in both academic and philanthropic circles, as well as immerse himself in and support movements within Africa that seek to advance the course of justice. Prof. Aina earned his Bachelor of Science in Sociology from the University of Lagos before proceeding for his Master of Science at the University of London and PhD in Sociology from University of Sussex in Sussex, UK. He taught at the University of Lagos rising from the position of graduate assistant in 1975 to the position of Professor in 1997. Meanwhile, he was appointed as CODESRIA’s Deputy Executive Secretary in 1993 and served until 1998, when he was appointed to head the Ford Foundation’s Governance and Civil Society Programme at its’ Nairobi Office. At the Ford Foundation, Prof. Aina served in various capacities including, Acting Representative of the Office for the Middle East and North Africa in Cairo and later as Representative for the Office for East Africa from 2003 to 2008. Upon completion of his term at Ford Foundation, Prof. Aina was appointed Director, Higher Education and Libraries in Africa at Carnegie Corporation of New York where he supported the struggle to revitalize higher education in Africa. He is currently the Head of Research at Mastercard Foundation, a position he assumed in 2020 after serving for eight years as Executive Director of the Nairobi-based Partnership for African Social and Governance Research (PASGR).

Prof. Aina’s academic career demonstrates his dedication as a scholar who maintains a deep interest in knowledge. He is, to use his own words, a committed and visionary practitioner, scholar and thinker who combines intellectual rigor with strong collaborative leadership skills. The ease in which he  connects knowledge to practice is clear in his work, but more specifically in his long sojourn into the world of philanthropy. For instance, Prof. Aina took the job in Ford Foundation and proceeded to edit one of the leading texts on the topic in Africa. The study, Giving to Help, Helping to Give: The Context and Politics of African Philanthropy, co-edited with Bhekinkosi Moyo and published in 2013 by Amalion Publishing, is a necessary reference text on the theme of philanthropy. His work on higher education have also been translated into interesting academic publications that argue for and urge, as he did in his 2009 M.K.O. Abiola Lecture, delivered at the African Studies Association, the need to go beyond reforms in higher education to transformation. Other areas of intellectual interest in which Prof. Aina has made immense contribution and excelled  include the pioneering work on globalization and social policy that he began while at CODESRIA.

On behalf of CODESRIA and its community of scholarship, we write to congratulate Prof. Aina on this well deserved honour, and the University of Ghana-Legon for recognizing a clear intellectual star and mentor among us.

Congratulations!

Godwin R. MURUNGA

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

26th April 2023.

Helmi Sharawy, 1935-2023

Greetings colleagues,

The Council has received the sad news of the passing on of one of CODESRIA’s luminaries, Prof. Helmi Sharawy of the Arab and African Research Center (AARC) in Cairo, Egypt. Helmi, as he was popularly known in CODESRIA circles, passed around 10.30am this Monday morning 20th March 2023. He was buried later in the day in Cairo. The official condolences will be held on Wednesday 22nd March 2023 at Omar Makram Mosque in Taharir Square, downtown Cairo at 6pm.

Prof. Helmi Sharawy was until his death one among the few remaining ‘militants’ of CODESRIA. Born in 1935, he grew up to embrace the pan-African politics of the independence generation in Africa. Helmi fought against and transcended the idea of two Africas, the idea that perceived North Africa as separate from sub-Saharan Africa. Not only was he a great academic with at least 13 books to his credit, he also practiced his intellectual convictions. He was politically active during Gamal Abdel Nasser’s period and served as a “liaison between Nasser’s government and the various African liberation movements which established offices in Cairo during that period.” Helmi was so effective at his job that his name was almost legendary to the point that it earned him a powerful place in the memory of those who relied on his position as the coordinator for African Liberation Movements office at the African Association under the auspice of the President’s Office of African Affairs. He taught and served in many African countries before becoming Director of the AARC from 1987 to 2010. It was during his time at AARC that CODESRIA grew the partnership that led to the hosting of the CODESRIA Gender Symposium in Cairo for several years and the joint publication series titled Afro-Arab Selections for Social Sciences. The series selected and translated CODESRIA publications into Arabic. Helmi also served on the CODESRIA Executive Committee from 2011 to 2015. The passing on of Helmi gives meaning to the words “end of an era.”

Helmi Sharawy is survived his wife, Tawhida, a son, Ayman, and daughter, Mai. On behalf of the Executive Committee, the Secretariat and the broader membership of CODESRIA, we send our deepest condolences to the family, friends, relatives and comrades of Helmi Sharawy. May his soul rest in eternal peace.

Godwin R. MURUNGA

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY.

20th March 2023.

16 ͣ Assembleia Geral do CODESRIA Chamada para resumos e comunicações

4 a 8 de Dezembro de 2023Dacar, Senegal Tema: As Ciências Sociais e a “Pandemia” em África

O Conselho para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais em África (CODESRIA) realizará a 16 ͣ Assembleia Geral em Dacar, Senegal, de 4 a 8 de Dezembro de 2023. O Conselho escolheu o tema “As Ciências Sociais e a Pandemia em África” para esta edição da sua Assembleia Geral trienal. A Assembleia traduz-se na combinação da conferência acadêmica com uma reunião de negócios, em que os membros do CODESRIA discutem, entre outras coisas, o desempenho do Conselho, e os que se encontram em “situação regular” elegem o novo Comité Executivo. Esta edição da Assembleia irá também coincidir com o Cinquentenário da fundação do Conselho. A Assembleia chega num momento caraterizado por um contexto global de pandemia do COVID-19. A pandemia representa, para além do seu significado estritamente biomédico, um momento epistémico com implicações relevantes em termos da produção de conhecimento, quer em termos globais ou mais especificamente África. É um momento repleto de possibilidades para se pensar o sentido do trabalho acadêmico e de como os seus caminhos foram definidos e redefinidos a partir do esforço intelectual. É um momento em que a área das ciências sociais e humanas é objeto de” mudanças significativas em termos sociopolíticos e económicos. Não só as grandes potências estão a enfrentar sérios desafios económicos, como existe também um acerto de contas a ocorrer no campo político. A experiência democrática foi enfraquecida por uma reação agressiva (,) no cerne das democracias liberais. As realidades sociais e as consequências da pandemia do COVID-19, bem como as exigências fiscais impostas às economias, traduzem-se numa crise económica global e numa retaliação política contra a democracia em algumas partes do mundo, o que levanta questões importantes para as ciências sociais e humanas. Essas interrupções convidam a repensar as metodologias, a fim de compreender as rápidas mudanças sociais e se essas mudanças anunciam transformações sociais significativas.  No cerne do mito da origem da pandemia estão duas versões: a primeira, que o vírus surgiu como consequência não intencional de um processo de pesquisa mal sucedido, e a segunda, que foi deliberadamente fabricado por cientistas. Existe ainda uma terceira versão segundo a qual o vírus terá resultado do contágio do ser humano por uma espécie selvagem. O foco na origem do vírus, isto é, o momento do “pecado original”, por mais importante que seja, oferece pouco espaço para explorar os desafios fundamentais. Oculta um foco mais crítico na disseminação global e, mais importante para nós, o seu impacto em África. Pior ainda, a propagação do vírus ficou, ocasionalmente, refém de outra pandemia: a interminável contestação pela “verdade da questão”, rodeada de suposições e especulações não verificadas. Tais especulações influenciaram significativamente a narrativa posterior da pandemia, demarcaram seus contornos e impediram avanços no sentido do controlo e prevenção. Mesmo durante a proliferação da “pandemia” de “fake News”, algumas questões significativas e até desconfortáveis foram levantadas sobre histórias de pesquisas científicas não éticas, sobre as implicações da investigação científica das atrocidades em massa, e a exploração e abuso de populações. Paralelamente, existe a questão da Big Pharma que está aparentemente ligada ao impulso do superlucro dos desafios predominantes em termos médicos e de saúde. A produção de conhecimento com base na corrida para inventar curas e vacinas com a finalidade de entender as respostas da sociedade ao surto, justificou a busca por um “retorno ao normal”. Todas essas dinâmicas se deram num contexto de intensos debates sobre a autoridade da ciência e a legitimidade do produtor de conhecimento. Enquanto para alguns, os produtores de conhecimento carregam esperança em tempos de profundo desespero, para outros eles atraem o mundo para um caminho distópico. Esta pandemia foi, portanto, marcada por perspectivas tentadoras em termos de reorganização do conhecimento. Os dilemas, incluindo o negacionismo pandémico, obrigaram a um reconhecimento do papel que as ciências sociais e humanas podem desempenhar na questão de dar sentido à dinâmica da pandemia, inclusive em saber como lidar com surtos de doenças e compreender a natureza multifacetada de sua propagação, mutação e efeitos. No entanto, as ciências sociais ainda são, frequentemente, percebidas como subsidiárias de STEM- áreas de estudos que só interessa invocar quando as ciências naturais e biológicas encontram obstáculos intransponíveis. Persiste a necessidade de entender a pandemia como uma realidade sociopolítica e não biomédica. Isso exige repensar a permanente compartimentalização dos campos de conhecimento e romper as fronteiras disciplinares através de estruturas interdisciplinares ou transdisciplinares. A evolução da pandemia de COVID-19 em África, com números de casos e de mortes abaixo do esperado, intrigou o mundo. O semanário “The Economist”, por exemplo, expressando dúvidas sobre o número de mortos anunciados pelos países africanos, chegou à conclusão de que o número global estimado de mortes por COVID-19 era de, pelo menos, 2,1 a 3,8 vezes maior do que os números oficiais. As incertezas sobre o número global de mortes resultantes do COVID-19 e a multiplicidade de hipóteses levantadas para explicar o problema merecem ser exploradas. Ainda assim, sabemos o suficiente para argumentar que as expectativas de que a pandemia evoluiria em África de forma diferente daquela que, de fato, aconteceu, exige uma nova postura no sentido de questionar a reiterada representação académica e da esfera pública do continente como um lugar de carência, de desastre/tragédia, de incompetência e de desamparo. O resultado até então alcançado obriga a repensar a atual tendência de olhar para a pandemia a partir da lente da biomedicina, para pensar nela usando a metáfora da disrupção. Isso, por sua vez, introduziu uma nova forma de olhar para o futuro: em vez de um “regresso à normalidade”, a ênfase é colocada na mudança para um “novo normal”. É o reconhecimento de que, na base da ruptura e descontinuidade que caracterizaram a pandemia em esferas profundamente íntimas e na esfera pública, reside a velha ingenuidade e os mecanismos de adaptação que as populações africanas têm usado com sucesso para lidar com problemas de saúde, sociais, políticos e ambientais. Fatores estruturais profundos como pobreza, desigualdade de género, xenofobia e abuso da autoridade do estado, não apenas em África, como também no resto do mundo, determinaram de forma significativa o curso da pandemia. Paralelamente, existem desigualdades sociais evidentes na distribuição das vacinas, o “apartheid da vacina”, lembrando às economias em desenvolvimento que elas estão por sua conta. Ainda pior foram os exemplos da duplicidade europeia que se manifestaram em questões sobre direitos de propriedade intelectual, do acesso ao tratamento e de distribuição de equipamentos para produzir vacinas e realizar testes.Na maioria dos casos, a preferência em utilizar as estruturas locais africanas para montar kits produzidos no exterior ao invés de as usar como locais de produção, contribui para atrofiar, corroer ou minar a base produtiva das economias africanas, incluindo algumas como a África do Sul, com capacidade para lidar com este tipo de tarefas. Em última análise, essas experiências levantam a questão de até que ponto a pandemia alterou a dinâmica social em vez de reforçar estruturas e processos preexistentes. Ou a pandemia terá reformulado esses fatores estruturais sem que os pudesse previr? O que está em jogo é a capacidade dos estudiosos das ciências sociais e humanas para interrogar estruturas profundas e a sua capacidade de resistir a choques, bem como de tolerar, de disfarçar e até mesmo de beneficiar de solavancos. Como momento epistémico, a pandemia representa um evento importante que ajuda a ler e questionar a evolução da pesquisa social. Muito se tem falado sobre a necessidade de estudos nas ciências sociais e humanas para provar a sua relevância, auxiliando as sociedades a restaurar o próprio futuro. A pandemia também apresenta uma excelente oportunidade para questionar as condições de possibilidade de trabalho nesses campos académicos em tempos de crise. Se resistirmos ao impulso de classificar a pandemia como um evento excecional e, em vez disso, optarmos por usá-la como uma lente para entender a vida em África (e no resto do mundo) como a negociação quase constante de uma miríade de crises (ambiental, financeira, económica, social e política), então o que poderia emergir seria um interessante questionamento sobre o futuro das ciências sociais e humanas. No intuito explorar/fazer uso ciências sociais e humanas neste momento de transição, o CODESRIA convida a apresentar trabalhos que usem a pandemia como prisma para aprofundar a produção de conhecimento na área das ciências sociais e humanas em e sobre África; ou que empreguem as ciências sociais e humanas como estrutura para dar sentido à pandemia, focando-se sobretudo nas formas como processos e dinâmicas de longa duração são definidos, influenciados e se manifestam durante evento. Também convidamos a apresentar trabalhos que, para além de interpretar a noção de pandemia, se foquem na metáfora da pandemia como um estado de crise devastadora e de declínio, que muitas vezes caracterizou setores-chave da política e economia africanas, desde setores como a educação e saúde, a setores como as obras públicas e mineração, historicamente pouco regulamentados. Os conflitos que persistem em algumas regiões africanas refletem essa pandemia metafórica na qual os interesses locais e as suas ligações com as cadeias globais, perturbaram as comunidades, destruíram o meio ambiente, minaram os meios de subsistência e transformaram a vida das pessoas experiência de “pandemia esmagadora”.  O Conselho convida a apresentar trabalhos que vertam sobre os seguintes temas:
  1. Ciências Sociais e Humanas em tempos de crise
  2. Pandemia como metáfora de rupturas na sociedade
  3. História, epidemias e pandemias
  4. Recriando a experiência da pandemia
  5. Pandemia e interdisciplinaridade
  6. Perspetivas africanas sobre epidemias e pandemias
  7. Conhecimento, artes e epidemias
  8. Escrevendo sobre a pandemia
  9. Epidemias e desigualdades
  10. Estrutura, agência e evolução de epidemias
  11. A dimensão de género sobre epidemias e pandemias
  12. Pandemias, identidade e a questão da cidadania
  13. Doença, viagem e movimento
  14. Pandemias, trabalho e meios de subsistência em África
  15. Pandemias, epidemias e imperativos de transformação social
  16. Os outros contágios: além da biomédica
  17. Reflexões sobre idade e pandemias
  18. Pandemias na era digital
  19. Os média/mídia e a pandemia
 Os/as interessados/as em participar na 16 ͣ Assembleia Geral, apresentando trabalhos ou como organizadores de painéis, são convidados a enviar resumos ou propostas de painéis até 22 de Abril de 2023. O Conselho entrará em contato com os autores dos resumos aprovados até 22 de Maio de 2023 e os textos finais deverão ser enviados até o dia 22 de Julho de 2023. O Conselho informará os candidatos aprovados até 06 de Setembro de 2023. Os resumos enviados não deverão exceder as 500 palavras e as propostas de painel não deverão exceder as 800 palavras. Cada autor/a deve indicar de forma clara o sub-tema no qual o resumo ou proposta estão integrados. Todas as candidaturas devem ser submetidas através da página web    https://16thgeneralassembly.codesria.org  Não serão aceites envios por e-mail.

2023 Democratic Governance and Gender Institutes: Communication in Lieu of a Call for Applications

The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) is celebrating its 50th Anniversary this year. Over its 50 year history, the Council has focused on its mandate of supporting African researchers to produce knowledge and elevating African voices in global discourses on issues that affect Africa and Africans around the world. The Council has done this by diligently studying global trends, their implications, and impact on Africa, and initiating programmes and interventions that help academics and intellectuals, broadly defined, to share their expertise and ideas on how to address or make these trends intelligible to Africans and others with a genuine interest in Africa and Africa’s future.

One such set of interventions was the establishment and convening of annual thematic Institutes targeting the younger generation of academics in African universities. Designed as critical  interventions to upscale the capacities of African academics to engage with and intervene in thematic areas where the Council identified a gap, the Institutes have been convened for a period ranging between two weeks to one and a half months. Under the guidance of a senior academic, the Institutes have brought together laureates annually in a series of engagements ranging from lectures, policy forums, and debate sessions that conclude with the development of academic papers or policy briefs by the laureates, whose works are then published and disseminated through CODESRIA’s various publication outlets such the CODESRIA Bulletin, CODESRIA’s journal – African Development, or CODESRIA Book Series.

Though the number of thematic Institutes that the Council convenes annually has continued to grow in response to the needs of scholars and new themes of interest that have emerged, two institutes have remained constant in the Council’s calendar. These are the Democratic Governance Institute, first convened in 1992 and the Gender Institute, first convened in 1994. Both Institutes were initiated following extensive debates and consultations within the Council’s community of scholarship. The debates focused on the promises and pitfalls of (liberal) democracy and on the demands of engendering the social sciences in Africa. As the debates ensued, it became clear that there were major intellectual gaps that made it difficult for African academics and policy actors to effectively participate in debates around democracy and to address the question of gender. One such gap was how vacuous the notion of governance as deployed by, among others, western Africanists and the Bretton Woods Institution was. This was because governance was used to blunt the historical contexts within which the struggles for democracy were conducted and subsequently led numerous western actors to deploy a technocratic and depoliticized notion of governance whose value was largely measured through a glib addition of the qualifier “good” or “bad” to the word governance without any nuances or context to it. Instead, CODESRIA argued that a notion of governance made more sense if it was understood in its historical context and interrogated as a political reality made relevant precisely because of the struggles waged by ordinary peoples of the continent. This propelled the Council to establish the Democratic Governance Institute and underscore the fact that, independent of the democratic struggle, the notion of governance was simply hollow.

A similar set of concerns surrounded CODESRIA’s engagement with gender.  The Council had been hesitant to embrace gender as an analytical category, an area that was emerging as critical to social science scholarship. Perhaps the Council was blinded by the assumption that as an analytical category, gender had not developed sufficient tools to render its deployment to social science scholarship. Besides, there was an argument that the focus of scholarship within CODESRIA hardly operationalized the study of society in ways that paid adequate attention to every day gendered realities in society. It was not until 1994 that CODESRIA supported the hosting of a major conference on engendering social sciences that the Council, in response to persuasive arguments from scholars at this conference and within the community, formally adopted and began to systematically operationalise gender as an analytical category.

These contexts explain the establishment of the Democratic Governance Institute in 1992 and of the Gender Institute in 1994. Since their initial convenings, the Council has every year held both institutes except in 2020 for the Democratic Governance Institute and in 2000, 2017 and 2020 for the Gender Institute. To date, the Democratic Governance Institute has had approximately 548 laureates while the Gender Institute has had approximately 492 laureates. The shifting contexts within which the Institutes were conceptualized, the growing numbers of laureates and the fact that 2023 is CODESRIA’s 50th Anniversary suggests that now is a suitable time for a serious stocktaking and reflection on the future of the Institutes. Further, 2023 marks the onset of the new 2023-2027 Strategic Planning cycle, a suitable moment to infuse into the plan new thinking about these two thematic areas.

The Council therefore wishes to inform members that the annual Democratic Governance and Gender Institutes will not be convened in 2023 in the format that they have been previously convened.  Rather, the Council would like to invite reflections on how these two flagship activities have contributed to the strengthening of the Council’s scientific agenda through the production of knowledge and subsequent nurturing of African scholars in the social science and humanities. As part of the commemoration of CODESRIA’s 50th Anniversary, we are sending out this communique to notify those that have participated as laureates of the Institutes, resource persons and directors of the various institutes that CODESRIA will be inviting a select representative of former directors, resource persons and laureates to a reflection session focusing on their experiences and learnings from the CODESRIA Institute, including an assessment of the benefits of the Institute to the intellectual growth of laureates and their contribution to the study of democracy and gender in Africa. The selection of participants will be done internally and will aim towards identifying diverse participants whose presence will help address different themes intrinsically linked to the celebration of 50 years of knowledge production in Africa. Selection of laureates will be limited to those who fully met their obligations to the Council as set out in the contracts for their respective Institute. Priority will also be accorded to those laureates who are paid up members of CODESRIA in good standing.

The Gender Institute will be held from 07th to 09th June, 2023 in Kampala, Uganda and the Democratic Governance Institute will be held from 05th to 07th July, 2023 in Lome, Togo Notifications of selection will be sent to participants by 14th April 2023.

The Council will also be happy to receive and disseminate any thoughts, comments or reflections from the community and especially past participants in the Institutes relating to their experiences with the Institutes. This can be shared through this address commentsforDGGInstitutes@codesria.org specially created for this purpose. A select number of the responses will be shared with the community through the website and via some of our publications.

الجمعية العامة السادسة عشرة لمجلس تنمية البحوث الاجتماعية

 

من 4 إلى غاية 8 دجنبر2023

داكار، السنغال

موضوع: العلوم الاجتماعية والجائحةفي أفريقيا

تستضيف العاصمة السنغالية داكار الجمعية العامة لمجلس تنمية البحوث الاجتماعية في أفريقيا في نسختها السادسة عشرة، وذلك في الأيام الممتدة ما بين الرابع والثامن من شهر دجنبر 2023. وقد اختار المجلس “العلوم الاجتماعية وعلاقتها بالأوبئة في أفريقيا” كموضوع لهذه الدورة التي تعقد كل ثلاث سنوات. وستزاوج الجمعية في فعالياتها بين مؤتمرات أكاديمية واجتماعات عمل حيث سيناقش الأعضاء عدة نقاط من بينها: عمل المجلس والمرشحون المؤهلون لتكوين لجنة تنفيذية جديدة. كما ستتزامن النسخة السادسة عشرة أيضا مع الذكرى الخمسين لتأسيس هذا المجلس.

 

وتنعقد هذه الجمعية أيضا في ظل جائحة كوفيد-19 التي اجتاحت العالم بأسره. فإلى جانب الأهمية الطبية الحيوية لهذه الجائحة، هناك أيضا الأهمية الإبيستيمولوجية والمتمثلة في التأثيرات الكبيرة لها على إنتاج المعرفة في العالم وفي أفريقيا خاصة. إذ يعتبر سياق هذا الوباء أرضا خصبة لفهم كيفية تبلور المنح الدراسية وتأسيسها وتتبع مسارها وإعادة تشكيله من خلال العمل الفكري. ففي خضم هذا السياق، تصارع المنح الدراسية الخاصة بالعلوم الاجتماعية والعلوم الإنسانية التحولات الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية المهمة التي يشهدها المجتمع اليوم. إن التحديات التي تواجه القوى العالمية الكبرى اليوم ليست فقط ذات طابع اقتصادي، بل هناك أخرى ذات طابع سياسي من قبل تصفية حسابات سياسية. فقد أضعفت ردات الفعل العدوانية والمحافظة والمتعصبة داخل الديمقراطيات الليبرالية، التجربة الديمقراطية. لينتج عن كل هذه الحقائق الاجتماعية المعاشة، إضافة إلى مخلفات جائحة كورونا والمقتضيات المالية المفروضة على اقتصادات الدول اليوم، تراجع اقتصادي عالمي وانتقام سياسي من الديمقراطية في بعض أقطار العالم، مما يدفع العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية من إثارة أسئلة محورية حول ما يحدث. فكل هذا الاضطراب يدعو إلى إعادة النظر في منهجيات فهم التغيرات السريعة في المجتمع وإذا ما كانت حقا هذه التغيرات تعيد تشكيله وتشكله.

 

أما فيما يخص أصل الوباء وتكونه، فهنالك أسطورتين تتداولهما الألسن، الأولى تقول بأن فيروس كورونا كان نتاج تجربة علمية خاطئة فقط، والثانية تقول بأنه فيروس متعمد اختلقه بعض العلماء. كما أن هناك قصة مبتدعة أخرى مفادها أن الفيروس قد انتقل للبشر من إحدى الحيوانات البرية. وبغض النظر عن حقيقة مما سبق، فإن التركيز على أصل الفيروس (بمعنى آخر مهد الخطيئة الأصلية) ومهما كان مهما، إلا أنه لا يوفر سوى أجوبة لأسئلة ضئيلة حول التحديات الحالية التي نتجت عن هذا الفيروس. إذ يجب التركيز أكثر على انتشاره في العالم بشكل عام، والأهم من ذلك بالنسبة لنا، تأثيره على القارة الأفريقية خصوصا. لكن الأسوء من كل هذا، أنه قد أسفر عن انتشار هذه الجائحة “جائحة” أخرى ألا وهي: الصراع الدائم حول من يملك حقا «حقيقة الفيروس”، حقيقة غارقة في بحر من الافتراضات والتكهنات التي لم يتم أبدا التحقق من صحتها. وقد أثر ذلك بشكل كبير على فهم الوباء وتبين حدوده، كما أعاق عملية مكافحته والوقاية منه. وحتى في زمن انتشار “وباء” “الأخبار الزائفة”، أثيرت بعض الأسئلة المحورية، والمزعجة أحيانا أيضا، حول تاريخ البحث العلمي غير الأخلاقي، والدور الذي لعبته الاكتشافات العلمية في الجرائم الإنسانية، والاستغلال والإساءات التي طالت بعض الشعوب دون غيرها باسم العلم وتقدمه. وكذا مسؤولية شركات الأدوية الكبرى التي تستفيد من الوضع الصحي الراهن وتحدياته من أجل مضاعفة أرباحها. إن الركيزة الأساسية للإنتاج المعرفي هي التسابق على ابتكار علاجات ولقاحات وفهم الاستجابات المجتمعية لتفشي الوباء، وتزعم البحث عن الطريقة المثلى “للعودة إلى الوضع الطبيعي”. وقد لعبت كل هذه الديناميكيات دورها على خلفية نقاشات مكثفة حول سلطة العلم وشرعية منتجي المعرفة. فبينما يرى البعض هؤلاء المنتجين يحملون بصيص أمل في زمن ميؤوس منه، يراهم البعض يقودون العالم نحو هلاكه.

 

هكذا نرى بأن جائحة كوفيد-2019 قد ألاحت في الأفق ضرورة إعادة هيكلة إنتاج المعرفة. حيث فرضت المطبات التي وقع فيها العالم، بما فيها إنكار وجود الوباء تماما، حتمية الاعتراف بالدور الذي يمكن للعلوم الاجتماعية والسياسية أن تلعبه في فهم ديناميكيات الجائحة بما في ذلك كيفية التعامل مع تفشي الأمراض وتسليط الضوء على تعدد طرق وطبيعة انتشارها وكذا طفراتها وآثارها. ومع ذلك، لا يزال ينظر إلى العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية في الكثير من الأحيان نظرة دونية، وعلى أنها مجرد فروع ثانوية لتخصصات علمية أساسية كالرياضيات والهندسة وغيرها، وأنها لا تستحق أن تؤخذ على محمل الجلد وتعامل كمجال دراسة محض إلا عندما تصل العلوم الطبيعية والبيولوجية إلى طريق مسدود. غير أنه اليوم أصبحت الحاجة الملحة إلى فهم الوباء وإدراكه كحقيقة اجتماعية سياسية بدلا من كونه حقيقة بيولوجية وحسب. وهذا ما يستدعي إعادة النظر في التقسيم الإشكالي الدائم لمجالات المعرفة والحدود التي تفصل بينها وذلك من خلال ما يصطلح عليه الأطر المتعددة التخصصات.

 

حير تطور وباء كوفيد-2019 في أفريقيا، المقترن بعدد إصابات ووفيات مسجلة أقل من المتوقع، العالم بأسره. فعلى سبيل المثال، أعربت مجلة الإيكونيميست “The ECONOMIST ” عن شكها في حقيقة عدد الوفيات المبلغ عنه من لدن البلدان الأفريقية، بل حتى أنها ارتأت نمذجة استنتجت من خلالها ما مفاده أن العدد التقديري للوفيات الذي كان يجب الإبلاغ عنه هو على الأقل 2.1 إلى 3.8 مرة أكثر الأرقام الرسمية المدلى بها. لا يمكننا إطلاقا التأكد من صحة عدد الوفيات الذي خلفته الجائحة على مستوى العالم، ويجدر البحث في الفرضيات المتعددة المقترحة لإجراء كل هذه الحسابات. غير أننا نملك ما يكفي من المعلومات لنجزم بأن كل تلك التوقعات القائلة بأن الوباء سوف يعرف طفرة جديدة أقوى من ذي قبلها في أفريقيا وسيسلك منحى آخر على خلاف سابقه، ما هي إلا إصرار من الباحثين والجمع العام على الحفاظ على تلك الصورة النمطية للقارة الأفريقية والمتمثلة في كونها قارة ناقصة وعاجزة ومنعدمة الكفاءات ومهدا للكوارث. بالتالي، تفرض هذه النتيجة إعادة النظر في تحليل هذا الوباء من منظور الطب الحيوي أولا، ولكن بدلا من ذلك، النظر إليه كاستعارة اضطرابية. وقد أدى هذا بدوره إلى تغيير طريقة النظر إلى المستقبل، فبدلا من “العودة إلى الوضع الطبيعي”، أصبح اليوم يتحدث عن الانتقال إلى “الوضع الطبيعي الجديد”.

 

وما هذا إلا اعتراف بتلك البراعة الأفريقية وآليات التكيف التي طورتها الشعوب الأفريقية أثناء تعاملها مع الأزمات الصحية والاجتماعية والسياسية والبيئية الفارطة. لقد كان للعوامل الهيكلية العميقة، ليس في أفريقيا فقط بل في العالم أجمعه، دور مهم في تغيير تشكيل مسار الوباء، كالفقر وعدم المساواة بين الجنسين والشطط في استخدام السلطة وتعمق الإيديولوجيا الأصلانية. ناهيك عن الفوارق الواضحة في عملية توزيع اللقاحات والتي تجلت بشكل واضح مع “اللقاح العنصري” الذي جاء ليذكر الاقتصادات النامية بأن المنصة الدولية قد تخلت عنها وأنها لاحول لها ولا قوة. كذلك، كان هذا سياقا مناسبا لتتجلى الازدواجية الأوروبية في أبشع صورها والمتمثلة في التساؤلات المثارة حول الملكية الفكرية وربطها بمشكلة الحق في التداوي وتوزيع أدوات اختبار الفيروسات واللقاحات. لقد ساهم ارتياء استخدام القواعد الأفريقية لتجميع معطيات منتجة في مكان آخر بدل تجميعها في موطنها الأصلي، إلى إعاقة النمو وتآكل أو تقويض البنيات الإنتاجية للاقتصادات الأفريقية بما فيها تلك الدول المزدهرة اقتصاديا كجنوب أفريقيا. تؤدي كل هذه التجارب في نهاية المطاف إلى التساؤل إلى أي مدى ساهم الوباء أساسا في إعادة تشكيل الديناميكيات الاجتماعية بدلا من تعزيز وتقوية الهياكل والمساطر المعمول بها منذ زمن. أم أن الوباء أعاد تشكيل هذه العوامل الهيكلية بطريقة غير مسبوقة لم تكن أبدا في الحسبان؟ وهنا يأتي دور منح العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية الدراسية وقدرتها على البحث في أعماق هذه الهياكل عن الأجوبة الشافية وتمكنها من الصمود أمام الأزمات المشابهة وتحملها، بل والخروج منها بدروس مستفادة، كل هذا وهي تخفي معالمها عن الآخرين.

 

تعتبر هذه الجائحة حدثا أبستمولوجيا مهما يسمح بتحليل والتساؤل حول مدى تقدم وتطور البحوث الاجتماعية. مما يبين مجددا الحاجة الماسة لمنح العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية إلى فرض نفسها من خلال تقديم يد العون للمجتمعات واسترجاع مستقبل طبيعي. تعتبر هذه الجائحة أيضا سياقا ممتازا لتسجيل ظروف عمل هذه المنح في أوقات الأزمات. فإذا استطعنا مقاومة تلك الرغبة الدفينة التي تحاول دائما تصوير الوباء على أنه حدث استثنائي، وتعاملنا معه بدلا من ذلك، على أنه فرصة وجب علينا أن نستغلها لفهم الحياة في أفريقيا (وبقية العالم). فالحياة الأفريقية، حياة فريدة بالفعل تميزها تداخل الأزمات فيما بينها: البيئية والمالية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والسياسية… وستكون النتيجة المخلوص بها من كل ما سبق تمثلا واضحا لمستقبل العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية.

 

يخص مجلس تنمية البحوث الاجتماعية في أفريقيا في نسخته السادسة عشرة، وفي إطار بروتوكول التواصل الآمن SSH، دعوته لكل الأبحاث التي جعلت من الوباء ركيزة أساسية للبحث في إنتاج العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية المعرفي الأفريقي. وتشمل دعوتها أيضا الأبحاث التي حاولت فهم الجائحة من منظور العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية وركزت بشكل خاص على تأثير هذه الجائحة على تشكيل وتشكل الديناميكيات الطويلة الأمد. بالإضافة إلى الأبحاث التي تستخدم الجائحة كسياق مستعار لدراسة التراجع والانحدار الذي عرفته القطاعات الرئيسية للدول الأفريقية مثل قطاعات التعليم والصحة والسياسة والاقتصاد، فضلا عن مشاكل التعدين والعمالة الراجعة للتسيير والتدبير السيئين. إن هذا السياق المستعار للجائحة هو ما تعكسه اليوم الصراعات القائمة في بعض المناطق الأفريقية والتي رجحت فيها كفة المصالح المحلية على حساب المجتمعات والبيئة وتضييق أخناق العيش على المواطنين، مما جعل تجربة هذا النوع من “الجائحة” تجربة قاسية بكل المعاني.

 

أما فيما يخص الأبحاث المعنية بدعوة مجلس تنمية البحوث الاجتماعية في أفريقيا، فيجب أن تصب في المواضيع التالية:

 

1- العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية في أوقات الأزمات

2-  الأوبئة كسياق مستعار للكشف عن الاضطرابات الحقيقية للمجتمعات

3-  تاريخ الأمراض والأوبئة

4-  إعادة خلق التجربة الوبائية

5- الجائحة وتعدد التخصصات

6- المنظور الأفريقي للأمراض والأوبئة

7- المعرفة والفنون والأوبئة

8- الكتابة عن الأوبئة

9- الأوبئة وعدم المساواة

10- الهيكلة والفاعلية وتطور الأوبئة

11- البعد الجنساني للأمراض والأوبئة

12- الأوبئة والهوية وقضية المواطنة

13- الأمراض والسفر والتنقل

14- الأوبئة والعمل وسبل العيش في أفريقيا

15- الأمراض والأوبئة وحتمية التحولات الاجتماعية

16- العدوى الأخرى: ما وراء الطب الحيوي

17- تأملات في مدى الحياة والأوبئة

18- الجائحة في عصر الرقمنة

19- الإعلام والوباء

 

على الذين يرغبون في المشاركة في الجمعية العامة في نسختها السادسة عشرة لتقديم أبحاثهم أو تنشيط الاجتماعات وتنظيمها، أن يقدموا ملخصات أبحاثهم أو مقترحات اللجان قبل 15 أبريل 2023.

 

سيراسل المجلس المقبولين منهم بحلول 15 يمكن 2023، لتقديم أوراقهم بتاريخ 15 يوليو 2023. سيبلغ المجلس المترشحين الناجحين بصفة رسمية يوم30 غشت 2023. يجب ألا تتجاوز ملخصات الأبحاث 500 كلمة بينما يجب ألا تتجاوز مقترحات اللجان 800 كلمة. كما يجب أن يشير كل منها بوضوح إلى الموضوع المتفرع منه المذكور أعلاه.

 

يجب تقديم كل الملفات عبر البوابة الإلكترونية،   https://16thgeneralassembly.codesria.org/

وسيتم رفض كل ملف جاء عن طريق البريد الإلكتروني.

تنسيق PDF

Forthcoming Book: Justice during Transitions: Policies that reflect African Realities

Edited by Cori Wielenga & Christopher C. Nshimbi.

Transitional justice interventions, particularly in Africa, have largely failed. In this context, there is a growing interest in tradition-based community led practices for resolving justice. Yet little is known or understood about these practices on their own terms, and what role they play in transitional justice on the continent. This volume challenges some of the underlying assumptions of current responses to mass violence on the continent, including the way these are embedded in statecentricism and an international justice system that lacks relevance in relation to the day-to-day realities of rural African communities.

Exit mobile version